Modular vehicle routing for combined passenger and freight transport

This study investigates the potential of modular vehicle concepts and consolidation to increase efficiency urban freight passenger transport. Modularity is achieved by connecting multiple vehicles together form a platoon. Consolidation realized integrating demand in routing problem. Vehicles are specific for each type but can be connected freely, allowing transport types same The problem formulation considers travel time costs, distance fleet size unserved requests costs. operations modeled novel multi-purpose pickup delivery (MMP-PDP) which solved using CPLEX Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS). In an extensive scenario study, explored different spatial temporal distributions. A parameter on capacity, range platoon cost saving performed assess their influence efficiency. experiments indicate 48% due modularity additional 9% consolidation. reduction mainly stems from reduced operating costs trip duration, while number served all cases. Empty kilometers more than 60% modularity. large-scale case Stockholm highlights practical applicability system. proposed model optimization framework used companies policy makers identify required sizes, optimal routes savings operation technology.